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Alluvial sand deposits are secondary enriched ore bodies formed through the natural weathering and fragmentation of primary ore deposits, followed by transport and sorting by water currents. These deposits are rich in various economically valuable minerals, including native gold, platinum, cassiterite, magnetite, ilmenite, zircon, monazite, and diamond. Based on their genesis, they are primarily categorised into fluvial alluvial sand deposits and marine sand deposits.
Fluvial Alluvial Sand Deposits
Formed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, where variations in water velocity cause heavy minerals to concentrate at the base of coarse sand or gravel layers. The principal gangue mineral is quartz, accompanied by weathering-resistant minerals such as garnet and tourmaline.
Coastal Sand Deposits
Formed through the combined action of rivers, waves, and tides, with heavy minerals accumulating in coastal zones. Typical mineral assemblages include zircon, rutile, monazite, ilmenite, etc., characterised by low fine-grained content and high mineral liberation.
Extraction and Pre-treatment
Extraction employs water cannons, sand pumps, and dredgers. After screening to remove gravel and desliming, material proceeds directly to separation without crushing or grinding.
Gravity Concentration
Large-capacity equipment, such as jigs and cone concentrators is employed for preliminary enrichment, effectively separating light and heavy minerals to produce coarse concentrates.
A combined ‘magnetic-electrostatic separation’ flow achieves precise mineral separation:
Magnetic Separation
Dry strong magnetic separators (single/double-drum) are utilised
Prioritising separation of strongly magnetic minerals (ilmenite, monazite)
Magnetic separation recovery rate: 96%-98%
Electrostatic Separation Purification
Two-stage concentration of magnetic tailings
Separating rutile from zircon via conductivity differences
Electrostatic separation recovery rate: >94%
Final zircon grade achievable: >60%
The coastal sand ore beneficiation process fully exploits mineral property differences. Through a combined gravity-magnetic-electrostatic separation workflow, it achieves efficient recovery of strategic resources including ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and monazite. This process offers advantages such as streamlined workflow, low energy consumption, and high resource utilisation rates, providing reliable technical support for coastal mineral resource development.
As significant mineral resource types, the scientific development and efficient utilisation of alluvial and coastal sand deposits hold critical importance for safeguarding strategic mineral resource security. With ongoing advancements in mineral processing technology, the comprehensive utilisation value of these resources will be further enhanced.
As a vital strategic mineral resource, the efficient separation of white tungsten ore remains a subject of significant interest. Flotation stands as the most prevalent and effective beneficiation technique for white tungsten ore. With the depletion of high-grade white tungsten ore resources, low-grade, complex and difficult-to-process white tungsten ores have become the primary focus of development, imposing heightened demands on flotation processes.
Kaolin is an aluminum-bearing silicate mineral with fine grains, appearing as a white, soft, muddy substance, and mostly without luster. I When pure, it is white and fine-grained; when containing impurities, it can have gray, yellow, or brown hues.
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